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Output Devices Of Computer

Output devices: output is anything that comes out a computer. Output can be meaningful information or gibberish and it can appear in a variety of forms – as binary numbers, as characters, as pictures, and as printed pages. An output device is any machine capable of representing information from a computer. Output devices include display screens, loudspeaker, printers, plotters, etc.

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 Computer Monitors

The computer monitor is an output device that is part of your computer's display system. A cable connects the monitor to a video adapter (video card) that is installed in an expansion slot on your computer’s motherboard. This system converts signals into text and pictures and displays them on a TV-like screen (the monitor).

The computer sends a signal to the video adapter, telling it what character, image or graphic to display. The video adapter converts that signal to a set of instructions that tell the display device (monitor) how to draw the image on the screen.

 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

The CRT, or Cathode Ray Tube, is the "picture tube" of your monitor. Although it is a large vacuum tube, it's shaped more like a bottle. The tube tapers near the back where there's a negatively charged cathode, or "electron gun". The electron gun shoots electrons at the back of the positvely charged screen, which is coated with a phosphorous chemical. This excites the phosphors causing them to glow as individual dots called pixels (picture elements). The image you see on the monitor's screen is made up of thousands of tiny dots (pixels). If you've ever seen a child's LiteBrite toy, then you have a good idea of the concept. The distance between the pixels has a lot to do with the quality of the image. If the distance between pixels on a monitor screen is too great, the picture will appear "fuzzy", or grainy. The closer together the pixels are, the sharper the image on screen. The distance between pixels on a computer monitor screen is called its dot pitch and is measured in millimeters. (see sidebar). You should try to get a monitor with a dot pitch of .28 mm or less.

Note: From an environmental point of view, the monitor is the most difficult computer peripheral to dispose of because of the lead it contains.

There are a couple of electromagnets (yokes) around the collar of the tube that actually bend the beam of electrons. The beam scans (is bent) across the monitor from left to right and top to bottom to create, or draw the image, line by line. The number of times in one second that the electron gun redraws the entire image is called the refresh rate and is measured in Hertz (Hz).

If the scanning beam hits each and every line of pixels, in succession, on each pass, then the monitor is known as a non-interlaced monitor. A non-interlaced monitor is preferred over an interlaced monitor. The electron beam on an interlaced monitor scans the odd numbered lines on one pass, then scans the even lines on the second pass. This results in an almost imperceivable flicker that can cause eye-strain.

This type of eye-strain can result in blurred vision, sore eyes, headaches and even nausea. Don't buy an interlaced monitor, they can be a real pain in the ... ask your optometrist.

Interlaced computer monitors are getting harder to find (good!), but they are still out there, so keep that in mind when purchasing a monitor and watch out for that "steal of a deal".

Video Technologies

Video technologies differ in many different ways. However, the major 2 differences are resolution and the number of colors it can produce at those resolutions.

Resolution

Resolution is the number of pixels that are used to draw an image on the screen. If you could count the pixels in one horizontal row across the top of the screen, and the number of pixels in one vertical column down the side, that would properly describe the resolution that the monitor is displaying. It’s given as two numbers. If there were 800 pixels across and 600 pixels down the side, then the resolution would be 800 X 600. Multiply 800 times 600 and you’ll get the number of pixels used to draw the image (480,000 pixels in this example). A monitor must be matched with the video card in the system. The monitor has to be capable of displaying the resolutions and colors that the adapter can produce. It works the other way around too. If your monitor is capable of displaying a resolution of 1,024 X 768 but your adapter can only produce 640 X 480, then that’s all you’re going to get.

When we talk about the different technologies, we’re talking about the video card and monitor that make up that display system. Also, standards describe the basic number of colors and resolutions for each technology, but individual manufacturers always take liberties, providing options and enhancements that are designed to make their product more appealing to the end user. This is, of course, how new standards come about.

Monochrome : Monochrome monitors are very basic displays that produce only one color. The basic text mode in DOS is 80 characters across and 25 down. When graphics were first introduced, they were fairly rough by todays standards, and you had to manually type in a command to change from text mode to graphics mode. A company called Hercules Graphics developed a video adapter that could do this for you. Not only could it change from text to graphics, but it could do it on the fly whenever the application required it. Today’s adapters still basically use the same methods.

CGA/EGA : The Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) introduced color to the personal computer. In APA mode it can produce a resolution of 320 X 200 and has a palette of 16 colors but can only display 4 at a time. With the introduction of the IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA), the proper monitor was capable of a resolution of 640 X 350 pixels and could display 16 colors from a palette of 64.

VGA: Up until VGA, colors were produced digitally. Each electron beam could be either on or off. There were three electron guns, one for each color, red, green and blue (RGB). This combination could produce 8 colors. By cutting the intensity of the beam in half, you could get 8 more colors for a total of 16. IBM came up with the idea of developing an analog display system that could produce 64 different levels of intensity. Their new Video Graphics Array adapter was capable of a resolution of 640 X 480 pixels and could display up to 256 colors from a palette of over 260,000. This technology soon became the standard for almost every video card and monitor being developed.

SVGA : Once again, manufacturers began to develop video adapters that added features and enhancements to the VGA standard. Super-VGA is based on VGA standards and describes display systems with several different resolutions and a varied numberof colors. When SVGA first came out it could be defined as having capabilities of 800 X 600 with 256 colors or 1024 X 768 with 16 colors. However, these cards and monitors are now capable of resolutions up to 1280 X 1024 with a palette of more than 16 million colors.

XGA : Extended Graphics Array was developed by IBM. It improved upon the VGA standard (also developed by IBM) but was a proprietary adapter for use in Micro Channel Architecture expansion slots. It had its own coprocessor and bus-mastering ability, which means that it had the ability to execute instructions independent of the CPU. It was also a 32-bit adapter capable of increased data transfer speeds. XGA allowed for better performance, could provide higher resolution and more colors than the VGA and SVGA cards at the time. However, it was only available for IBM machines. Many of these features were later incorporated by other video card manufacturers.

Printer (computing) : In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a text or graphics of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Many printers are primarily used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in most new printers, a USB cable to a computer which serves as a document source. Some printers, commonly known as network printers, have built-in network interfaces, typically wireless or Ethernet based, and can serve as a hard copy device for any user on the network. Individual printers are often designed to support both local and network connected users at the same time. In addition, a few modern printers can directly interface to electronic media such as memory cards, or to image capture devices such as digital cameras and scanners; some printers are combined with scanners or fax machines in a single unit, and can function as photocopiers. Printers that include non-printing features are sometimes called multifunction printers (MFP), multi-function devices (MFD), or all-in-one (AIO) printers. Most MFPs include printing, scanning, and copying among their many features.

Printing technology : Printers are routinely classified by the printer technology they employ; numerous such technologies have been developed over the years. The choice of engine has a substantial effect on what jobs a printer is suitable for, as different technologies are capable of different levels of image or text quality, print speed, cost, and noise. Some printer technologies don't work with certain types of physical media, such as carbon paper or transparencies.

A second aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid ink, such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon, becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with liquid ink are more difficult to alter than documents printed with toner or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.

Cheques should either be printed with liquid ink or on special cheque paper with toner anchorage.[2] For similar reasons carbon film ribbons for IBM Selectric typewriters bore labels warning against using them to type negotiable instruments such as cheques. The machine-readable lower portion of a cheque, however, must be printed using MICR toner or ink. Banks and other clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the magnetic flux from these specially printed characters to function properly.

Modern print technology : The following printing technologies are routinely found in modern printers:

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Toner-based printers

A laser printer rapidly produces high quality text and graphics. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers (MFPs), laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analog photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of a laser beam across the printer's photoreceptor.

Another toner-based printer is the LED printer which uses an array of LEDs instead of a laser to cause toner adhesion to the print drum.

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 Liquid inkjet printers

Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid ink onto almost any sized page. They are the most common type of computer printer used by consumers. Today's photo-quality ink jet printers can typically print with a resolution of 1200 to 4800 dots per inch. They will give acceptable quality photo prints of images with 140-200 pixels per inch (PPI) resolution, and high quality prints of images with 200-300 ppi resolution.

 Solid ink printers

Solid ink printers, also known as phase-change printers, are a type of thermal transfer printer. They use solid sticks of CMYK-coloured ink, similar in consistency to candle wax, which are melted and fed into a piezo crystal operated print-head. The print head sprays the ink on a rotating, oil coated drum. The paper then passes over the print drum, at which time the image is immediately transferred, or transfixed, to the page. Solid ink printers are most commonly used as colour office printers, and are excellent at printing on transparencies and other non-porous media. Solid ink printers can produce excellent results. Acquisition and operating costs are similar to laser printers. Drawbacks of the technology include high energy consumption and long warm-up times from a cold state. Also, some users complain that the resulting prints are difficult to write on, as the wax tends to repel inks from pens, and are difficult to feed through automatic document feeders, but these traits have been significantly reduced in later models. In addition, this type of printer is only available from one manufacturer, Xerox, manufactured as part of their Xerox Phaser office printer line. Previously, solid ink printers were manufactured by Tektronix, but Tek sold the printing business to Xerox in 2001.

 Dye-sublimation printers

A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a printer which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic card, paper or canvas. The process is usually to lay one colour at a time using a ribbon that has colour panels. Dye-sub printers are intended primarily for high-quality colour applications, including colour photography; and are less well-suited for text. While once the province of high-end print shops, dye-sublimation printers are now increasingly used as dedicated consumer photo printers.

 Ink-less printers, Thermal printers

Thermal printers work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. Monochrome thermal printers are used in cash registers, ATMs, gasoline dispensers and some older inexpensive fax machines. Colours can be achieved with special papers and different temperatures and heating rates for different colours; these coloured sheets are not required in black-and-white output. One example is the ZINK technology.

 UV Printers

Xerox is working on an inkless printer which will use a special reusable paper coated with a few micrometres of UV light sensitive chemicals. The printer will use a special UV light bar which will be able to write and erase the paper. As of early 2007 this technology is still in development and the text on the printed pages can only last between 16–24 hours before fading.

The following technologies are either obsolete, or limited to special applications though most were, at one time, in widespread use.

Impact printers rely on a forcible impact to transfer ink to the media, similar to the action of a typewriter. The impact printer uses a print head that hits the surface of the ink ribbon, which presses the ink onto the paper. All but the dot matrix printer rely on the use of formed characters, letterforms that represent each of the characters that the printer was capable of printing. In addition, most of these printers were limited to monochrome printing in a single typeface at one time, although bolding and underlining of text could be done by "over striking", that is, printing two or more impressions in the same character position. Impact printers varieties include, typewriter-derived printers, teletypewriter-derived printers, daisy wheel printers, dot matrix printers and line printers. Dot matrix printers remain in common use in businesses where multi-part forms are printed, such as car rental services. An overview of impact printing [4] contains a detailed description of many of the technologies used.

Pen-based plotters were an alternate printing technology once common in engineering and architectural firms. Pen-based plotters rely on contact with the paper (but not impact, per se) and special purpose pens that are mechanically run over the paper to create text and images.

Typewriter-derived printers

Several different computer printers were simply computer-controllable versions of existing electric typewriters. The Friden Flexowriter and IBM Selectric typewriter were the most-common examples. The Flexowriter printed with a conventional typebar mechanism while the Selectric used IBM's well-known "golf ball" printing mechanism. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon which was pressed against the paper, printing one character at a time. The maximum speed of the Selectric printer (the faster of the two) was 15.5 characters per second.

 Teletypewriter-derived printers

The common teleprinter could easily be interfaced to the computer and became very popular except for those computers manufactured by IBM. Some models used a "typebox" that was positioned, in the X- and Y-axes, by a mechanism and the selected letter form was struck by a hammer. Others used a type cylinder in a similar way as the Selectric typewriters used their type ball. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon to print the letterform. Most tele printers operated at ten characters per second although a few achieved 15 CPS.

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 Daisy wheel printers

Daisy-wheel printers operate in much the same fashion as a typewriter. A hammer strikes a wheel with petals, the "daisy wheel", each petal containing a letter form at its tip. The letter form strikes a ribbon of ink, depositing the ink on the page and thus printing a character. By rotating the daisy wheel, different characters are selected for printing. These printers were also referred to as letter-quality printers because, during their heyday, they could produce text which was as clear and crisp as a typewriter, though they were nowhere near the quality of printing presses. The fastest letter-quality printers printed at 30 characters per second.

Dot-matrix printers

In the general sense many printers rely on a matrix of pixels, or dots, that together form the larger image. However, the term dot matrix printer is specifically used for impact printers that use a matrix of small pins to create precise dots. The advantage of dot-matrix over other impact printers is that they can produce graphical images in addition to text; however the text is generally of poorer quality than impact printers that use letterforms (type).

Dot-matrix printers can be broadly divided into two major classes:

Ballistic wire printers

Stored energy printers

Dot matrix printers can either be character-based or line-based (that is, a single horizontal series of pixels across the page), referring to the configuration of the print head. At one time, dot matrix printers were one of the more common types of printers used for general use, such as for home and small office use. Such printers would have either 9 or 24 pins on the print head. 24-pin print heads were able to print at a higher quality. Once the price of inkjet printers dropped to the point where they were competitive with dot matrix printers, dot matrix printers began to fall out of favor for general use.

Some dot matrix printers, such as the NEC P6300, can be upgraded to print in colour. This is achieved through the use of a four-colour ribbon mounted on a mechanism (provided in an upgrade kit that replaces the standard black ribbon mechanism after installation) that raises and lowers the ribbons as needed. Colour graphics are generally printed in four passes at standard resolution, thus slowing down printing considerably. As a result, colour graphics can take up to four times longer to print than standard monochrome graphics, or up to 8-16 times as long at high resolution mode.

Dot matrix printers are still commonly used in low-cost, low-quality applications like cash registers, or in demanding, very high volume applications like invoice printing. The fact that they use an impact printing method allows them to be used to print multi-part documents using carbonless copy paper, like sales invoices and credit card receipts, whereas other printing methods are unusable with paper of this type. Dot-matrix printers are now (as of 2005) rapidly being superseded even as receipt printers.

Line printers 

Line printers, as the name implies, print an entire line of text at a time. Three principal designs existed. In drum printers, a drum carries the entire character set of the printer repeated in each column that is to be printed. In chain printers, also known as train printers, the character set is arranged multiple times around a chain that travels horizontally past the print line. In either case, to print a line, precisely timed hammers strike against the back of the paper at the exact moment that the correct character to be printed is passing in front of the paper. The paper presses forward against a ribbon which then presses against the character form and the impression of the character form is printed onto the paper.

Comb printers, also called line matrix printers, represent the third major design. These printers were a hybrid of dot matrix printing and line printing. In these printers, a comb of hammers printed a portion of a row of pixels at one time, such as every eighth pixel. By shifting the comb back and forth slightly, the entire pixel row could be printed, continuing the example, in just eight cycles. The paper then advanced and the next pixel row was printed. Because far less motion was involved than in a conventional dot matrix printer, these printers were very fast compared to dot matrix printers and were competitive in speed with formed-character line printers while also being able to print dot matrix graphics.

Line printers were the fastest of all impact printers and were used for bulk printing in large computer centres. They were virtually never used with personal computers and have now been replaced by high-speed laser printers. The legacy of line printers lives on in many computer operating systems, which use the abbreviations "lp", "lpr", or "LPT" to refer to printers.

Pen-based plotters

A plotter is a vector graphics printing device which operates by moving a pen over the surface of paper. Plotters have been used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they are rarely used now and are being replaced with wide-format conventional printers, which nowadays have sufficient resolution to render high-quality vector graphics using a rasterized print engine. It is commonplace to refer to such wide-format printers as "plotters", even though such usage is technically incorrect. There are two types of plotters, flat bed and drum.

Printing mode

The data received by a printer may be:

A string of characters

A bitmapped image

A vector image

Some printers can process all three types of data, others not.

Character printers, such as daisy wheel printers, can handle only plain text data or rather simple point plots.

Pen plotters typically process vector images. Inkjet based plotters can adequately reproduce all three.

Modern printing technology, such as laser printers and inkjet printers, can adequately reproduce all three. This is especially true of printers equipped with support for PostScript orPCL, which includes the vast majority of printers produced today.

Today it is common to print everything (even plain text) by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer, because it allows better control over formatting. Many printer drivers do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of it.

Monochrome, colour and photo printers : A monochrome printer can only produce an image consisting of one colour, usually black. A monochrome printer may also be able to produce various tones of that color, such as a grey-scale. A colour printer can produce images of multiple colours. A photo printer is a colour printer that can produce images that mimic the colour range (gamut) and resolution of prints made from photographic film. Many can be used on a standalone basis without a computer, using a memory card or USB connector.

Printing speed : The speed of early printers was measured in units of characters per second. More modern printers are measured in pages per minute. These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not as well standardised as toner yields. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print much more slowly, especially colour images. PPM are most of the time referring to A4 paper in Europe and letter paper in the United States, resulting in a 5-10% difference.

Contact Us

CENTRE NAME – UTTARAN EDUCATION & ONLINE APPLICATION POINT

1.   Address- Chakvrigu, Balurghat , Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, 

Pin - 733102. 

2.   Mobile No-  +919563877622, +918759080845

3.   Website- http://lifeeducationk.blogspot.in

4.   Email ID- kallolmt21@gmail.com

         

Why MGNYCSM?

1. MGNYCSM is an Autonomous Organization instituted under the rules and regulation of Government of India.
2. It is an ISO 9001:2008 Certified institution.
3. MGNYCSM is awarded with the Appreciation Letters honorable personnel of the country for its excellent work practices and a wide network.
4. Printed Study Material- MGNYCSM provides printed study material for all students enrolled in different courses. In addition to Hindi and English, study material is available in regional languages such as Gujrati and Bangla.
5. Quality Education- In each center of MGNYCSM trained faculties are providing the computer education. Other than basic education other co-curricular activities like educational tour, cultural events, personality development programmes are as well emphasized by the centers of MGNYCSM.
6. Approved Courses- All course of MGNYCSM are approved by Vvenkateshwara open university University, Arunachal Pradesh (which is approved by UGC and All courses of MGNYCSM are running in collaboration with Maharshi Dayananda University , CMJ,VOU,NIILM under the rules and regulations of University.
7. Quality Education- In each center of MGNYCSM trained faculties are providing the computer education. Other than basic education other co-curricular activities like educational tour, cultural events, personality development programmes are as well emphasized by the centers of MGNYCSM.

Rules and Regulations

Notice for students:

• All students should attend classes, according to, their batch time regularly.
• Students must respect their teachers and avoid arguments or fault finding.
• Students must enter the class room with in 20 minutes from the starting of their respective batch time, after the lapse of said time, no student shall be allowed to enter the class or lab room.
• A telephonic call will be made to their parents to confirm the reason of late coming.
• For leave, student must write a application to centre director/head or write a reason for the same in the register maintained by the centre director/head.
• Students cannot use mobile or cell phone inside the class, the same can be used only outside the class and mobile will be kept on vibration mode while attending the class.
• It necessary to appear in the weekly/monthly test, as prescribed by center director/head.
• Students have to maintain separate notebooks for test, rough works and home works. Regular checking of home work’s notebooks to concerned course faculty, is necessary.
• Practical + viva marks will be given on the basis of student’s performance in the weekly/monthly test & regular checking of home work note books.
• Students will not enter and exit the classroom without the prior permission of teachers.
• No noise will be made inside and outside the class room.
• Centre will not be liable for any loss of books, notebooks, begs etc. left at its premises by the students.
• No student is allowed to enter inside the class/lab room by accompanying with visitor/relative/friend.
• Students will bring bags, class works notebooks & ID-Card.
• Tution fee shall be deposited- before 10th date of every month. If fee is not deposited within prescribed time, 20 Rs. shall be paid extra as late fee to centre head.
• Students can get the facility of transfer from one MGNYCSM Centre to another with having written permission from the centre head/director.
• Absent from classroom will cause Rs. 10 fine; the same shall be included with monthly tution fee.
• Admission/registration /Tuition Fee once paid shall not be refunded in any case.
• If any student wants to quit his/her certificate/diploma/other course, he/she has to serve one month prior written notice or application for the same to centre head/director and get NOC for the said quitting of course. If he/she fails to do so, action shall be taken against him/her.
• Students must confirm their Enrollment No. or Roll No. from C.O- H.P by making telephonic calls directly to MGNYCSM Director W.B.
• Students have to follow batch wise procedure for theory & lab classes, made by the centre head.
• It will be the duty of student to take receipt for all types of fees from centre head.
• The certificate & diplomas to be issued only after -the confirmation of student’s registration with MGNYCSM - successful completion of the course- obtaining NOC from centre director/head.
• Students have to follow the rules enforced by the centre director in the sake of their study.
• Student can get ID-CARD of MGNYCSM Education within the period of 30 days after registration with MGNYCSM.
• MGNYCSM will provide job assistance to deserving candidates only.
• MGNYCSM I.T & Educational Development is an non commercial autonomous organization (Certified & Licensed by Govt. of India) running various job oriented national training awareness Programme on not for profit basis and designed various job oriented basic certificate and diploma courses to eliminate the burning problem of unemployment, so that student can be able to get employment and self-employment opportunity in the present era of competition.
• Student will get MGNYCSM I.T & Educational Development titled, printed, certified & issued diploma and certificates. However these diploma and certificates are valid for jobs but the acceptance of these diplomas & certificates shall depend upon the discretion, rule & regulations, Guidelines made for concerned post/vacancy/job, by concerned govt. or private departments.
• Students will pay prescribed fee of courses to centre head. MGNYCSM charges onetime nominal registration/enrollment fee from student for certifcate/diploma through centre head. MGNYCSM will not have any sharing in Admission/tution/Exam fee and all such types of fees will be prescribed by concerned centre head, as per investment, infrastructure,facility provided in computer literacy centre, geographical condition of area, literacy ratio & backwardness of area. So MGNYCSM education will not be held liable on fee issues/disputes between centre head or students and all such issue/disputes will be mutually settled between student and centre head. MGNYCSM Education will give suggestion only on this issue/dispute.
• If student is minor (Under 18 Years) at the time of taking admission into any MGNYCSM courses, then guardian signature is necessary on admission form.
• Decisions taken for the sake of student by MGNYCSM Education will be final, acceptable and binding to everyone.
• MGNYCSM Education may change, revise any of the above mentioned Notice/rules & regulations from time to time as per required without any prior notice to students.
• To learn computer students must have knowledge of English, otherwise teachers will not be able to impart you good teaching standard.
• Students are advised to check/Confirm their Enrollment Number. On this website with in 4 Months from the date of their admissions. You can check your Enrollment Number till the duration of respective course opted, thereafter Your Enrollment Number will be Deleted from Site database. If any Student wants to Confirm his/her Enrollment to MGNYCSM Education after the completion of Course then he/she can make telephonic call to MGNYCSM Education
• For the validity of Centre, Please Check centre authorization www.mgycsmindia.org.

Notice for Centres:

• Renew your centre authorization every year in the month of March.
• If centre is not renewed in the month of March, centre will automatically deem to be cancelled without any prior notice and other centre will be allotted in the same area.
• Send student Registration form as per prescribed session of admission. If admission forms with registration fee are not submitted in time then centre head has to pay prescribed late fee extra with registration fee and no excuse will be entertained.
• No registration form without student signature, photo, required copies of certificates, Ph. No., Address, will be accepted.
• After submitting registration forms to C.O- W.B.It will be the duty of centre head to check student’s enrolment no. on website for any mistake occurred in Student Name, Course, Enrollment Number, on behalf of MGNYCSM Site administrator.
• To run any scheme in respective centre written permission form C.O- W.B is necessary. Centre Head will be fully responsible if he/she does not have any written permission to run any scheme or courses in his/her centre and MGNYCSM cannot be held liable for the same.
• Centre head will not use MGNYCSM on logo with other organization logo of same nature.

Welcome to MGNYCSM

Mahatma Gandhi National Youth Computer Saksharta Mission Trust has been registered under the Society & Public Trust Act Admissible under rule 21 of West Bengal registration Rule, 1962 duly stamped under schedule 1A,Article number : 64A of Indian stamp Act 1899 ,(Reg. No. S/IL/96517) working in different fields of Programme & Commercial training conducted by the State Government & Central Government to approach every class of the society. Society is also certified by ISO 9001 : 2008 Org. The Institute is also registered from the Industrial Department to conduct the various technical programs under the Govt. Schemes.
The Mahatma Gandhi National Youth Computer Saksharta Mission (MGNYCSM) Computer Education, Distance Education Institute of with the brand name MGNYCSM started it's journey in September 2012 with one study centre but at present we are with many franchisees centre and many more in the pipe line.
MGYCSM includes strong team of technical and management members comprising of computer Engineers, Management Professionals, Computer Professionals, Social Workers, Advocates, Doctors etc. All of them have a similar dream to help the country being technically sound and help India become.
MGYCSM is a non commercial organization engaged in the work of social welfare. Started with a mission to provide better health and Education service and spread literacy to all class of people.
MGYCSM has been supported by number of organization. In education & commercial activities but to work for the development of society also.

Our Aim

The main aim of the Society and Trust is to provide higher technical education at very nominal charge for every group of society, Urban and Rural area in all over India and get success in computer revolution.

About Life Education

Life Education (LE) Computer Education, Distance Education Institute of with the brand name LE started it's journey in March 2013 with one study centre but at present we are with many franchisees centre and many more in the pipe line.

Life Education includes strong team of technical and management members comprising of computer Engineers, Management Professionals, Computer Professionals, Social Workers, Teacher, Private Tutor etc. All of them have a similar dream to help the country being technically sound and help India become.

Life Education is a non commercial organization engaged in the work of social welfare. Started with a mission to provide better health and Education service and spread literacy to all class of people.

Life Education has been supported by number of organization. In education & commercial activities but to work for the development of society also.

Our Aim

The main aim of the Education Centre is to provide higher technical education at very nominal charge for every group of society, Urban and Rural area in all over India and get success in computer revolution. 

AFFILIATE BY:-

MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL YOUTH COMPUTER SAKSHARTA MISSION

N.C.T New Delhi * , Ministry of HRD ( New Delhi )  

An ISO 9001 : 2008 Certified Org.

A national Programme of Information Technology Education and Development

( An Autonomous Institution Registered Under Socity and Trust Act Govt.of India and West Bengal )

Website: http://mgycsmindia.org

 

Input Device of Computer

Input device: An input device is any machine that feeds data into a computer. For example, a keyboard is an input device, where as a display monitor is an output device.

 Keyboard

Keyboard is an input device consisting of set of typewriter like keys that enable you to enter data into a computer. Computer keyboard are similar to electronic typewriter keyboard but contains additional keys. The keys on computer keyboards are often classified as follow:

Alphanumeric keys – letters and numbers

Punctuation keys – comma, period, semicolon, and so on

Special keys – function keys, control keys, arrow keys, Caps lock key and so on

The standard layout of letters, numbers and punctuation is known as QWERTY keyboard because the first five keys on the top row of letters spell QWERTY. There is no standard keyboard, although many manufacturers imitate the keyboards for PCs. There are actually three different PC keyboard: the original PC keyboard with 84 keys, the AT keyboard also with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys. In addition to these keys, IBM keyboards contain the following keys: Page Up, Page Down, Home, End, Insert, Num Lock, Scroll Lock, Break, Caps Lock, and Print Screen.

 Mouse

Mouse is a device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is small object you can roll along a hard flat surface. Its name is derived from its shape, which looks bit like a mouse, its connecting wire that one can imagine to be the mouse’s tail. As you move the mouse, the pointer on the display screen moves in the same direction. Mice contains at least one button and sometimes as many as three, which have different function depending on what program is running. Invented by Doulas Engelbart of Standford research centre in 1963 and pioneered by Xerox in the 1970s. The mouse is one of the great breakthroughs in computer ergonomics because it frees the user to a large extent from using keyboard. The mouse is the important for graphical user interface because you can simply point to option and objects and click a mouse button. The mouse is also useful for graphics programs that allow you to draw pictures by using mouse like pen, pencil or paintbrush.

Mechanical mice

Bill English, builder of Engelbart's original mouse, invented the ball mouse in 1972 while working for Xerox PARC. The ball-mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the Xerox Alto computer. Perpendicular chopper wheels housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball.

Mechanical mouse, shown with the top cover removed

The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. They are located 90 degrees apart. One roller detects the forward–backward motion of the mouse and other the left–right motion. Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the photo, at 45 degrees) that is spring-loaded to push the ball against the other two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an encoder wheel that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent wheel movement.

Each wheel's disc, however, has a pair of light beams, located so that a given beam becomes interrupted, or again starts to pass light freely, when the other beam of the pair is about halfway between changes. Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating. The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via a data-formatting IC and the mouse cable. The driver software in the system converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the screen.

The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately.

Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.[14][15]

Optical mice

A wireless optical mouse on a mouse pad

An optical mouse uses a light-emitting diode and photodiodes to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, rather than internal moving parts as does a mechanical mouse. Connectivity and communication protocols

To transmit their input, typical cabled mice use a thin electrical cord terminating in a standard connector, such as RS-232C, PS/2, ADB or USB. Cordless mice instead transmit data via infrared radiation (see IrDA) or radio (including Bluetooth), although many such cordless interfaces are themselves connected through the aforementioned wired serial buses.

Serial interface and protocol

Standard PC mice once used the RS-232C serial port via a D-subminiature connector, which provided power to run the mouse's circuits as well as data on mouse movements.

PS/2 interface and protocol

For more details on this topic, see PS/2 connector.

With the arrival of the IBM PS/2 personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the eponymous PS/2 interface for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was the use of a round 6-pin mini-DIN, in lieu of the former 5-pin connector. In default mode (called stream mode) a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each button, by means of 3-byte packets.[30] For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2 mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format:

Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Byte 1 YV XV YS XS 1 MB RB LB Byte 2 X movement Byte 3 Y movement USB

The industry-standard USB protocol and its connector have become widely used for mice; it's currently among the most popular types.

Cordless or Wireless

A wireless mouse made for notebook computers

Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via infrared radiation (see IrDA) or radio (including Bluetooth). The receiver is connected to the computer through a serial or USB port. The newer nano receivers were designed to be small enough to remain connected in a laptop or notebook computer during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.

 

 Trackball

Trackball is another pointing device. Essentially a track ball is a mouse lying on its back. To move the pointer you rotate the ball with your thumb, your fingers. There are usually one to three buttons next to the ball, which you use just like mouse buttons. The advantage of track ball over mice is that the trackball is stationary so it does not require much space to use it. In addition you can place a trackball on any surface. For both these reasons, trackball are popular pointing devices for portable computers.

 Joystick

A lever that moves in all directions and controls the movement of a pointer or some other display symbols. A joystick is similar to a mouse, except that with a mouse cursor stops moving as soon as you stop moving the mouse. With a joystick the pointer continues moving in the direction the joystick is pointing. To stop the pointer you must return the joystick to its upright position. Most joysticks include two buttons called triggers. Joysticks are used mostly for computer games, but they are also used for CAD/CAM systems and other applications.

Digitizing Tablet

This is an input device that enable you to enter drawing and sketches into computer. A digitizing tablet consists of an electronic tablet and a cursor or pen. A cursor is similar to a mouse, expect that it has a window with cross hairs for pinpoint placement, and it can have as many as 16 buttons. A pen also called a stylus which looks like a ball pen but uses an electronic head instead of ink. The tablet contains electronics that enable it to detect movement of cursor or pen and translate the movement into digital signals that it sends to computer. For digitizing tablets each point on the tablet represents a point on the display screen in a fixed manner. This differs from mice, in which all movement is relative to the current cursor position. The static nature of digitizing tablets makes them particularly effective for tracing drawing. Most modern digitizing tablets also support a mouse emulation mode, in which the pen or cursor acts like a mouse. Digitizing tablets also called digitizer, graphic tablets.

Scanner

Scanner is an input device that can read text printed on paper and translate the information into a form that the computer can use. A scanner works by digitizing an image – dividing it into a grid of boxes and representing each box with either zero or a one, depending on whether the box is filled in. (for colour and gray scaling the same principle applies, but each box is represented by up to 24 bits) The resulting matrix of bits called a bit map and can then be stored in a file, display on screen and manipulating by programs. Optical scanner do not distinguish text from illustrations; they represent all images as bit maps. Therefore, you cannot directly edit text that has been scanned. To edit text read by an optical scanner, you need an optical character recognition (OCR) system to translate the image into ASCII characters.

 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) allow the computer to recognize characters printed using magnetic ink. MICR is a directly entry method used in banks. This technology is used to automatically read those frustrating looking numbers on the bottom of cheque. A special purpose machine known as reader/sorter reads characters made ink containing magnetized particles. A related technology is the magnetic strip, used on the back of credit cards and debit cards of bank, which allows reader such as automated teller machine to read account information and facilitate monetary transactions.

 Optical Character Recognition (OCR)

OCR refers to the branch of computer science that involves reading text from paper and translate the images into a form that the computer can manipulate ( for example, into ASCII codes). An OCR system enables you to take a book or magazine article and feed it directly into an electronic computer file. All OCR systems include an optical scanner for reading text, and sophisticated software for analyzing images. Most OCR systems use a combination of hardware and software to recognize characters, although some inexpensive systems do it entirely through software. Advanced OCR systems can read text in large variety of fonts, but they still have difficulty with handwritten text.

 Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)

OMR is also called mark sensing is a technology where an OMR device senses the presence or absence of mark, such as a pencil mark. OMR is used in tests such as aptitude tests.

Bar Code Reader

You are probably familiar with the bar code reader in supermarkets, bookshops, etc. Bar code readers are photo electric scanners that read the bar codes, or vertical zebra striped marks, printed on the product container. Super market use a bar code system called the Universal Product Code (UPC). The bar code identifies the product to the supermarket’s computer, which has a description and the latest price of product.

Speech Input Devices

Speech input devices convert a person’s speech into digital form. These input devices, when combined with appropriate software, form voice recognition system. These systems enable users to operate microcomputer using voice commands.

Touch screen

Touch screen is a type of display screens that a touch sensitive transparent panel covering the screen. Instead of using pointing device such as a mouse or light pen, you can use your finger to point directly to objects on the screen.

Touch pad

A small touch pad used as a pointing device on some portable computers. Bu moving a finger or other object along the pad, you can move the pointer on the display screen.

Light pen

Light pen is an input device that utilizes a light sensitive detector to select objects on a display screen. A light pen is similar to a mouse, except that with a light pen you move the pointer and select objects on the display screen by directly pointing to the objects with the pen.

 Digital camera

Images can be input into computer using a digital camera. These images can then be manipulated in many ways using the various imaging tools available. The digital camera takes a still photograph, stores it and then sends it as digital input the computer. The images are then stored as digital files.